Make Ammonium Nitrate from Household Chemicals

Fireworks season is coming up, so before I get into the new fireworks projects, I wanted to cover the synthesis of a common chemical used for pyrotechnics: ammonium nitrate. Another fun project to try with ammonium nitrate is to make an endothermic reaction. You can buy ammonium nitrate as a pure chemical or you can collect it from instant cold packs or some fertilizers. You can make ammonium nitrate by reacting nitric acid with ammonia, but if you dont have access to nitric acid (or dont want to mess with it), you can make ammonium nitrate from readily available home chemicals. Gather Materials You will need: 138 g sodium bisulfate (found with pool chemicals, used to lower pH)1 mole equivalent of a nitrate salt... any of the following85 g sodium nitrate (common food preservative)101 g potassium nitrate (which you can buy or make yourself)118 g calcium nitrate (tetrahydrate)ammonia (common household cleaner)methanol (optional, which may be found as HEET fuel treatment) Ingredients Dissolve the sodium bisulfate in the mininum amount of water (about 300 ml).Dissolve your nitrate salt in the minimum amount of water (amount depends on the salt).Mix the two solutions.Next you want to neutralize the solution, which is quite acidic. Stir in ammonia until the pH of the mixture is 7 or higher. Use a pH meter (or pH paper). Reacting ammonia, sodium bisulfate, and nitrates will give you sodium sulfate and ammonium nitrate.Sodium sulfate and ammonium nitrate have different solubilities in water, so boil the solution to get the sodium sulfate to crystallize. Remove the liquid from heat when crystals of sodium sulfate form in the bottom of the pan.Chill the solution in the freezer to get as much of the sodium sulfate as possible to drop out of the solution.Run the solution through a filter (coffee filter or paper towels) to separate the solid sodium sulfate from the ammonium nitrate solution.Allow the ammonium nitrate solution to evaporate, which will give you ammonium nitr ate, with some sodium sulfate impurity. This is good enough for most chemistry projects.If you want to further purify the ammonium nitrate, dissolve it in about 500 ml of methanol. The ammonium nitrate is soluble in methanol, while the sodium sulfate is not.Run the solution through a filter, which will give you sodium sulfate on the filter and a solution of ammonium nitrate.Allow the methanol to evaporate from the solution to obtain crystalline ammonium nitrate. Safety Information The chemicals used in this project are smelly and corrosive, so this project should be performed under a fume hood or outdoors. As always, wear gloves, eye protection, and appropriate clothing. Some of the reagents and the final product are flammable or are oxidizers, so keep the chemicals away from open flames.

John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1312 Words

Death is inevitable to every person. However, death arrives to people at different stages of their lives. People may bring death upon themselves because of their actions, or an animal may be killed of its uselessness. In S.E. Hinton’s The Outsiders, there are three major deaths occurring in the novel: Bob, Johnny, and Dally. Similarly, in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, there are also three major deaths of Candy’s dog, Curley’s wife, and Lennie. The Outsiders is a story depicting the life of Ponyboy Curtis, who is struggling to find his place in the world while battling the rival gang, the Socs. Of Mice and Men is a story of two migrant workers, George and Lennie, who are bound together and share the dream of one day owning their own†¦show more content†¦11 Outsiders) As Ponyboy is being drowned by a group of Socs, Johnny takes immediate action and proceeds to stabbing and killing the leader. â€Å"I had to. They were drowning you, Pony. They might have killed you. And they had a blade...they were gonna beat me up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 57 Outsiders) Johnny and Ponyboy flee from town after Johnny commits murder, and Johnny eventually dies because of events happening after the incident. Similarly, Lennie, a mentally disabled character from Of Mice and Men, holds onto his dream of owning and being able to tend his rabbits. When Curley’s wife begins to scream after Lennie pulls on her hair too tightly, Lennie begins to shake her, ultimately breaking her neck. Lennie didn’t mean any harm, he was paranoid that Curley’s wife was trying to get him in trouble, causing him to never be able to tend his rabbits. Consequently, Lennie gets killed by his best friend George while imagining his future farm happily, so he wouldn’t die cruelly at the hands of Curley. Johnny’s reason for murder was more justifiable than Lennie’s; Ponyboy was in eminent danger whereas Lennie wasn’t. However, they both killed someone who they thought would try to make their lives worse. Bob was the leader of the Socs and was thought to spend all his free time beating up Greasers. George had warned Lennie about Curley’s wife, saying that all she does is cause trouble. Both of their deaths represent innocence, even though they both committed murder. Johnny is the

Health Workforce Planning for Kenya Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Health Workforce Planning Kenya. Answer: Introduction The report has various sections which discusses strategic planning process, environmental scanning and some of the recommendations that Kenya, or most of the low income countries can use to make an effective strategic plan process. In addition to that, the report elaborates the steps and process that one can use to come up with a strategic plan process and environmental scan. Moreover, as Kenya is the chosen country to be looked at, looks at some of the health care data that the country registers as far as the health sector is concerned. Moreover, it gives a critical analysis of the data that is presented in the graph and table. Strategic planning process In this progression, organizers distinguish the need for a workforce plan and the reason that enable them to device such a plan of coming up with a workforce plan. In addition to that, the workforce plan that is developed must meet certain criteria in the sense that it has to articulate the reason why such a plan has been developed (Masnick, McDonnell, 2010). In addition to that, a well work force plan must be laid out to determine whether the workforce plan ought to incorporate the whole health care system or it is just part of the part of a scheme to cover few individuals. The first step is not like the other steps as it involves three methods that have correlations between them. On the other hand, the second step is not similar to the first one as it involves those that are in charge in overseeing the implementation of the workforce, especially in looking at the welfare of patients and their decisions. Those that are in charge of coming up with the workforce plan have to make sure that it articulates the advancement of human in relation to health and other social services related to health care such patients finances. In addition to that, the one coming up with the workforce plan have to ensure that it is in a position to factor in the changes that emanates as a result of the implementation of the workforce (Celletti, Holloway, De Cock, Dybul, 2007). Also, advantages and disadvantages that exist and accompany the implementation of the workforce must also be considered in relation to the practice that is in place. Moreover, the other step is to consider the necessary skills that are needed in the implementation of the workforce plan. These ought to selectively select in the sense that those with specialized skills in a particular field will not be shifted to other areas that can raise concerns or rather render the program a complete failure (Adano, 2008). Also, the fact that there exist quite a number of health care employees who register turnover is a factor that needs consideration is the sense that it the plan will factor in the things that makes employees turn away from work instead of retaining their jobs. On the other hand, coming up with a definite number of employees that are deemed fit to sustain the plan is a good idea and forms part of the steps that are involved in coming up with a workforce plan. Thus, needs an endorsement and is another good idea that implementers or that that re in charge in organizing the workforce program needs to look at and make sure that it is put into practice or considered in forming the program (Hart, 2007). Lastly, as changes are constant in every aspect or field. It is therefore crucial that the people at the helm is regards to implementing or rather putting into the practice the workforce plan are carefully chosen to include the changes that may occur in the future. The skills that suit the dynamics in health care ought to be properly put in place and those that fits current labor markets (Nancarrow, Borthwick, 2005). Also, in making out plans, there ought to be a consideration of how future plans will likely work out, this can be in regards to administration. After the arrangement is propelled, intermittent audit and change are basic. To empower this, the arrangement ought to be express about how achievement will be measured. What's more, any unintended outcomes of changes should be recognized with the goal that remedial activities can be taken. Planners likewise need to set up a surveying and observing procedure so they can refresh the arrangement as indicated by the changing workforce needs of the venture or program (Rodger, Hoffman, 2010). It is advantageous to say that, in spite of the fact that the six stages exhibited above are in numerical request, the procedure of workforce arranging is in itself patterned and not straight. As needs be, workforce organizers may wind up returning to past strides as they work through the approach and when new data becomes exposed after the arrangement is executed (Crawford, Summerfelt, Roy, Chen, Meltzer, Thacker, 2009). Process of coming up with an environmental scan approach A top to bottom situational investigation gives the premise to distinguishing key issues and setting program needs. Information gathered is alluded to as optional information since it was gathered by different associations for their motivations, however demonstrates helpful to Extension. In the programming writing, this progression alludes to deciding dissected needs. To direct this progression, province groups were given a County Profile Template to help them in arranging and contrasting their information with figure out what developed as regions of concern (Po, 2014). District groups could gather key information and contrast the circumstance in their region and the state and in addition with neighboring provinces. Those information things where their region was more regrettable off than the state as well as neighboring districts were highlighted for further examination later in the filtering procedure. Then again this progression of the procedure, region groups directed one-on-one meetings or center gatherings to get data from their countywide Advisory Leadership Council, program-particular consultative boards of trustees, and province government authorities. They found out about key partners' need issues (Lawlor, Morgan, Frankel, 2002). This progression recognizes the recommended needs of key partners. These partners are instrumental to the survival of an association and can assume a crucial part in securing support for automatic endeavors This progression is led to permit region groups to get notification from however many nationals as could reasonably be expected. Mapping is a method for isolating the district into sensible portions to include a different gathering of natives speaking to fluctuating conclusions and interests (Alejos, Weingartner, Scharff, Ablah, Frazier, Hawley, Wright, 2008).. It is basic that all portions of the province populace be included, especially bunches that generally may not get the chance to give their bits of knowledge and have their requirements reflected in necessities appraisal forms. Area groups were given devices to recognizing and surveying resources of people and associations in view of the work. This appraisal filled in as an approach to recognize undiscovered individual abilities and gifts, and also offices or associations that are as of now tending to some part of the issue. Basically, this progression makes groups a piece of the arrangement as they join forces with Extension to address their own particular issues utilizing different group resources combined with the aptitude and assets from Extension (Van Greuningen, Batenburg, and Van der Velden, 20120). Issues getting the most astounding need were those that were reliably esteemed as most vital by the great many people. Among the need issues, those accepting top need were those that were direr in nature. To a lesser degree, different contemplations were made in the prioritization procedure, for example, those for which group resources can be assembled (Nyoni, Gbary, 2008). Region groups must create program procedures to address the need issues in a far reaching and all-encompassing way. Findings from policy and planning of the relevant document and recommendations There are things that the country needs to consider before coming up with either a strategic plan. Firstly, the government and in this case Kenya need to come up with a policy that will highlight some of the problem that faces a country or that which involves healthcare (Rodger, Hoffman, 2010). To start with, the policy must be one that takes into consideration labor market and the need to ensure that there are no health care professionals that are out without a job, while the country is of dire need of health care services. In addition to that, low income countries have been on the spot in not embracing or promoting gender equality and rights in health care. A good plan is one that is able to include women both in medical in the health care workforce especially during the recruitment of health care workers. In addition to that, there ought not to be gender biases during employment or promotion of health care officials (Nyoni, Gbary, Awases, Ndecki, Chatora, 2014). In Kenya, still, the ratio of males to women in health care is high making it necessary for that bridge to be lowered to represent gender equity. Kenya has several medical training and education of higher learning that train doctors, nurses and other health care professional. In addition to that, the country has a one year internship program that aims at making sure that that the medics they produce are well trained and competent for the job market. In that line, a workforce plan must be one that promote lifelong training and which produces competent health care professionals. Moreover, with the advancement in technology, it is penetrating the health care sector at an alarming rate. Technology faster communication, increases efficiency of tasks and reduces human errors. Thus, there is also need for a future plans to be in line with the use of modern technology which will not only be useful to health care professionals, but also to customers who can now be able to access medical services in a more efficient manner (Bloor, K., Maynard, Hall, Ulmann, Farhauer, Lindgren, 2003). For instance, opening a portal for patients to book appointments for treatment, consultations or medical checkup. Conclusion In a low income countries, developing a workforce plan is essential and needs inclusion of an environmental Scan approach in coming up with such a plan. There are various as steps that are involved in coming up with a workforce plan or planning for the same. Firstly, one has to come up with a workforce plan. In addition to that, the next step involves mapping service change. This will be followed with understanding the availability of the workforce that is required and coming and then coming up with a plan. Lastly, one has to monitor the implementation of the plan. In Kenya, is the chosen country for this report, environmental scan approach is essential before coming up with a plan. It also entails various steps. In analyzing Kenya as a country of low income, there are various findings that one can deduce from them in regards and form recommendations to that effect which will act as a guiding tool for their program. References World Health Organization. (2006). The world health report: 2006: working together for health. Masnick, K., McDonnell, G. (2010). A model linking clinical workforce skill mix planning to health and health care dynamics.Human Resources for Health,8(1), 11. Collins, S. K., Collins, K. S. (2007). Changing workforce demographics necessitates succession planning in health care.The health care manager,26(4), 318-325. Bloor, K., Maynard, A., Hall, J., Ulmann, P., Farhauer, O., Lindgren, B. (2003).Planning human resources in health care: towards an economic approach: an international comparative review. Canadian Health Services Research Foundation= Fondation canadienne de la recherche sur les Services de sant. Hart, K. A. (2007). The aging workforce: Implications for health care organizations.Nursing Economics,25(2), 101. Nancarrow, S. A., Borthwick, A. M. (2005). Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce.Sociology of health illness,27(7), 897-919. Rodger, S., J. Hoffman, S. (2010). Where in the world is interprofessional education? A global environmental scan.Journal of Interprofessional Care,24(5), 479-491. Crawford, C. A. G., Summerfelt, W. T., Roy, K., Chen, Z. A., Meltzer, D. O., Thacker, S. B. (2009). Perspectives on public health workforce research.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,15(6), S5-S15. Celletti, F., Holloway, J., De Cock, K. M., Dybul, M. (2007). Rapid expansion of the health workforce in response to the HIV epidemic.The New England journal of medicine,357(24), 2510. Adano, U. (2008). The health worker recruitment and deployment process in Kenya: an emergency hiring program.Human Resources for Health,6(1), 19. World Health Organization. (2007). Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations and guidelines. Emmerichs, R. M., Marcum, C. Y., Robbert, A. A. (2014). An Operational Process for Working Force Planning. Al-Sawai, A., Al-Shishtawy, M. M. (2015). Health Workforce Planning: An overview and suggested approach in Oman.Sultan Qaboos University medical journal,15(1), e27. Po, T. (2014). Getting it Right: A workforce planning approach. Lawlor, D. A., Morgan, K., Frankel, S. (2002). Caring for the health of the public: cross sectional study of the activities of UK public health departments.Public health,116(2), 102-105. Alejos, A., Weingartner, A., Scharff, D. P., Ablah, E., Frazier, L., Hawley, S. R., ... Wright, K. S. (2008). Ensuring the success of local public health workforce assessments: using a participatory-based research approach with a rural population.Public health,122(12), 1447-1455. Van Greuningen, M., Batenburg, R.S. and Van der Velden, L.F., 2012. Ten years of health workforce planning in the Netherlands: a tentative evaluation of GP planning as an example.Human Resources for Health,10(1), p.21. Tomblin Murphy, G., MacKenzie, A., Alder, R., Birch, S., Kephart, G., O'Brien-Pallas, L. (2009). An applied simulation model for estimating the supply of and requirements for registered nurses based on population health needs.Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice,10(4), 240-251. Nyoni, J., Gbary, A. (2008).Policies and plans for human resources for health: guidelines for countries in the WHO African region. WHO Regional Office for Africa. Nyoni, J., Gbary, A., Awases, M., Ndecki, P., Chatora, R. (2014). World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Policies and Plans for Human Resources for Health: Guidelines for countries in the WHO African region.

Significance of a Male Role Model for Forming Tomas and Gabes Personal

Identity in Brian Ascalon Roley’s American Son Filipinos migrate to the United States in order to become closer to the better life, to realise their dreams, and receive the chance to change their reality. In fact, Filipinos become the victims of the racial discrimination and begin to suffer from the impossibility to determine their national and cultural identity. From this point, those children who are born in multicultural families also begin to suffer from inability to find the right place in the society where people are not ready to discuss them as the real Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of a Male Role Model for Forming Tomas and Gabe’s Personal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the problem of identity and transnationalism is often associated with a range of other problems typical for teenagers and young adults. Tomas and Gabe are the protagonists of Brian Asc alon Roley’s American Son. These young men experience the difficulties of being the children of the American father and Filipino mother while living in the USA and observing the other Americans’ making their dreams real. The situation is complicated with the fact that boys are brought up without their father. Thus, Tomas and Gabe have no opportunities to orient to the male role model developed in the family because those behaviour patterns which they remember as typical for their father are rather violent and racist, and as a result, boys have the erroneous vision of masculinity. It is possible to pay attention to Tomas and Gabe’s visions of masculinity referring to the ideas developed by Tomas in relation to the question, to the opinion which is characteristic for Gabe, and to the male role model which is typical for the behaviour and attitudes of the boys’ father. On the one hand, the image of Tomas can be discussed as the embodiment of masculinity beca use of his appearance. Thus, the young man’s muscles are covered with â€Å"gangster tattoos†, his head is â€Å"shaved down to stubble†, and moreover, Tomas is â€Å"really half white, half Filipino but dresses like a Mexican† (Roley 15). On the other hand, the brutal behaviour of Tomas and his attitude toward his relatives and other people cannot be considered as the embodiment of the real masculinity. Tomas is inclined to misinterpret the notion of masculinity and act as a cruel man. The actions of Tomas can be explained from the point of his desire to determine his role in the society which is rather holistic in relation to the minorities. Moreover, brutality is the only behaviour pattern which is associated with the boys’ father. Tomas as the elder brother should become the main man in the family. That is why, Gabe is affected significantly by the particular features of the elder brother’s influence (Roley 18). Later, Gabe even reflects the peculiarities of the young man’s behaviour in spite of the previous disapproval of the position supported by Tomas.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that the life conditions and environments are the same in relation to both brothers, Gabe grows as a quiet boy who does not want to create new problems for his mother because she has to bring up two boys without the help of her husband. However, Gabe also has no correct vision of masculinity. Gabe is inclined to act under the influence of his brother Tomas, and his image becomes the embodiment of masculinity for Gabe in spite of all his attempts to reject these behaviour patterns. Gabe experiences brutality, hostility, and discrimination almost in all the spheres of his life. From this perspective, the absence of the male role model and the racial issues make the young man find his own identity and pla ce within the American society. The particular features of the family relations and the problematic racial questions affect Gabe’s vision of masculinity which becomes the reflection of the visions which are characteristic for Tomas. Tomas and Gabe are brought up by the Filipino woman, but they do not want their peers to see her communicating with the boys. The problem is in the boys’ perception of their identity and ethnicity. Nevertheless, the problem is also in the vision of the role of woman in the house and in society. This vision is the heritage of observing the definite male role model used by the boys’ father. Gabe describes the situation when â€Å"dad stood over her making fun of Filipinos and her family and looked as if he was about to hit her, and my brother dragged him outside and tossed him onto the acorn† (Roley 24). Tomas and Gabe cannot define masculinity correctly because even those insignificant details remembered about the attitudes of the father toward the Filipinos and women cannot provide the boys with the examples of the behaviour which should be characteristic for the real man. As a result, Tomas and Gabe experience a lot of difficulties, trying to find their place in the American society. These young men are not ready to adopt their ethnicity, and they are inclined to feel shame because of their mother Asian ethnicity (Roley 24). Furthermore, Tomas and Gabe have no male role model to help them to survive in the world full of ill-wishers. The only way to survive in this society is to act brutally and reveal the masculinity with references to violent actions. That is why, Gabe is inclined to follow the life of violence because this model is more familiar for him depending on the experience of his father and brother. The inability of many Filipinos as any other migrants to build the life of their dream within the American society makes them feel frustrated, especially in comparison with the more successful repr esentatives of the American majority. Thus, aggression becomes the only way to demonstrate the people’s dissatisfaction regarding the situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of a Male Role Model for Forming Tomas and Gabe’s Personal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Brian Ascalon Roley’s American Son, Tomas and Gabe have no opportunity to reflect the male role model of their father because the boys are not brought by the man. That is why, boys are unable to create their vision of masculinity which can be based on the positive examples of their father behaviours. As a result, Tomas and Gabe develop their vision of masculinity with references to the realities of the American society which is rather unfriendly and even hostile toward Filipinos. Thus, Tomas is inclined to mask his problems choosing brutality and referring to the ‘gangster’ image, and Gabe intends t o hide his difficulties with identity using the advantages of the non-Asian appearance. The young men’ behaviours cannot be discussed as the reflection or embodiment of masculinity, but they are affected by the absence of the father in the boys’ life. Works Cited Roley, Brian Ascalon. American Son. USA: W. W. Norton Company, 2001. Print. This essay on Significance of a Male Role Model for Forming Tomas and Gabe’s Personal was written and submitted by user Jay R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Longest Words in the German Language

The Longest Words in the German Language The classic longest German word is Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitn, clocking in with 42 letters. In English, it becomes four words: Danube steamship company captain. However, its not the only super long word in the German language and, technically, its not even the longest. German Spelling Most languages, including English, string smaller words together to form longer ones, but the Germans take this practice to new extremes. As Mark Twain said, Some German words are so long that they have a perspective. But is there really such a thing as the longest German word...  das lngste deutsche Wort? Some of the suggested longest words are artificial creations. They are never used in daily spoken or written German, which is why well look at some words that far surpass our 42-letter title winner mentioned above.   For all practical purposes, this longest-word contest is really just a game. Its more fun than practical and German just happens to offer us some really long words. Even a German or English Scrabble board only has room for 15 letters, so you wont find much use for these. Yet, if youd like to play the longest-word game, here are a few selected items to consider. The 6 Longest German Words (Lange  Deutsche  Wà ¶rter) These words are listed in alphabetical order, with their gender and letter count. Betubungsmittelverschreibungsverordnung(die, 41 letters) Its a mesmerizing word that is rather difficult to read. This lengthy one refers to a regulation requiring a prescription for an anesthetic. Bezirksschornsteinfegermeister(der, 30 letters) This word may be short in comparison to those below, but it is a real word that you might be able to use someday, but even thats not likely. Roughly, it means a head district chimney sweep. Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizittenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft(one word, no hyphen)  (die, 79 letters, 80 with the new German spelling that adds one more f in ...dampfschifffahrts...) Even the definition is a mouthful: association of subordinate officials of the head office management of the Danube steamboat electrical services (the name of a pre-war club in Vienna). This word is not really useful; its more of a desperate attempt to lengthen the word below. Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitn(der, 42 letters) As mentioned, in classic German this is considered the longest word. Its meaning of Danube steamship company captain makes it unusable for the majority of us, though. Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften(die, plur., 39 letters) This is one you might actually be able to pronounce if you take it one syllable at a time. It means, legal protection insurance companies.  According to Guinness, this was the longest German dictionary word in everyday usage. However, the word below is a longer legitimate and official longest word- in semi-everyday usage, anyway. Rindfleischetikettierungsà ¼berwachungsaufgabenà ¼bertragungsgesetz(das, 63 letters) This hyper word references a beef labeling regulation and delegation of supervision law.  This was a 1999 German Word of the Year, and it also won a special award as the longest German word for that year. It refers to a law for regulating the labeling of beef- all in one word, which is why it is so long. German also likes abbreviations, and this word has one: ReÃÅ"AÃÅ"G. German Numbers (Zahlen) There is another reason why there really isnt a single longest German word. German numbers, long or short, are written as one word. For example, to say or write the number 7,254 (which is not really a very long number), the German is siebentausendzweihundertvierundfà ¼nfzig. That is a single word of 38 letters, so you could imagine what larger and more complex numbers may look like. For this reason, its not difficult at all to make a number-based word that far exceeds any of the other words weve discussed. Longest English Words For comparison sake, what are the longest words in English? Contrary to popular belief, the record holder is not supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (an invented word made famous in the movie Mary Poppins). Just as in German, there is disagreement about which word is actually the longest. Theres little argument, however, that English cant keep pace with German in this department. The English languages two contenders are: Antidisestablishmentarianism  (28 letters):  This is a legitimate dictionary word from the 19th century meaning opposition to the separation of church and state. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis  (45 letters):  The literal meaning of this term is lung disease caused by breathing in silica dust. Linguists claim this is an artificial word and that it does not deserve true longest word billing. Likewise, there are many technical and medical terms in English that qualify as long words. However, they are usually excluded from consideration for the longest word game.

Definition and Examples of Pseudowords

Definition and Examples of Pseudowords A pseudoword is a fake word- that is, a string of letters that resembles a real word (in terms of its orthographic and phonological structure) but doesnt actually exist in the language. Also known as  jibberwacky or a wug word.   Some examples of monosyllabic pseudowords in English are heth, lan, nep, rop, sark, shep, spet,  stip, toin, and  vun. In the study of language acquisition and language disorders, experiments involving the repetition of pseudowords have been used to predict literacy achievement later in life. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Ghost WordLiteracyMountweazelNeologismNonce WordNonsense WordStunt Word Examples and Observations Pseudowords are letter strings which have no meaning, but which are pronounceable because they conform to the orthography of the languages include pseudowords such as shum, laip, and cigbet. Pseudowords can be read by application of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules even though the words are not real and have not been encountered in print or in spoken language. Although it has been argued that pseudowords may be read by analogy to words, some awareness of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules and segmentation skills are necessary to read a pseudoword correctly. For example, for a correct reading of the pseudoword dake, it must be segmented into an initial letter d and a rime or word body ake; the latter could be read by analogy to cake, but the sound of d and the segmentation itself are, in fact, phonological processing skills.(Linda S. Siegel, Phonological Processing Deficits and Reading Disabilities. Word Recognition in Beginning Literacy, ed. by Jamie L. Metsala and Linnea C. Ehri. La wrence Erlbaum, 1998) Pseudowords and Brain ActivityIn some studies no differences in brain activation for real words and pseudowords are observed (Bookheimer et al. 1995), indicating that the tasks activate brain regions for orthographic and phonological but not semantic coding. . . . Presenting the same pseudoword repeatedly so that it is no longer an unfamiliar word reduces activity in right lingual gyrus, suggesting that that structure plays a role in learning to recognize familiar words (Frith et al. 1995).(Virginia Wise Berninger and Todd L. Richards, Brain Literacy for Educators and Psychologists. Elsevier Science, 2002) Alternate Spellings: pseudo word, pseudo-word

Bible Exegetical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bible Exegetical - Essay Example For example NIV says, â€Å"Surely I will redeem them† on the other hand NKJV simply says, â€Å"For I will redeem them.† This shows a lot of emphasis by NIV than in NKJV. The use of the word declares the Lord is a strong affirmation of a direct statement from God as used in NIV while NKVJ uses the word says the Lord which does not seem very strong in expressing a statement from God, to declare is more absolute than to simply say. The two versions use different auxiliary verbs in referring to future events. NIV has frequently used the word will which is a much lighter word compared to the use of shall in NKJV which expresses something that must happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yet in distant lands they will remember me† while NKJV says, â€Å"I will sow them among the peoples, And they shall remember Me in far countries† in order to clearly understand the meaning of the word, it is appropriate to consider other scriptures in which the word has been used in the bible.1 In Psalms 22: 27, the scripture says, â€Å"All the ends of the earth will remember and turn to the LORD, and all the families of the nations will bow down before him,† (NIV) and NKJV says, â€Å"All the ends of the world Shall remember and turn to the LORD, And all the families of the nations Shall worship before You.† The emphasis on this text is to encourage the people of Israel to remember and reflect on the things that God has done to them (Carr 2010, 011). The movement of the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan brought them into a close fellowship with Yahweh as well as becoming the paradigm of all redemptive work of God for all the generations of mankind. The book of Haggai2 also affirms what has been elaborated in the book of Zechariah chapter 10. He spoke of the restoration and remembrance of the people of Israel by their God. Prophet Zechariah also shared a well-established tradition when he

Investment analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment analysis - Essay Example Ltd (GNC), MACQ GROUP FPO (MQG), Perpetual Limited (PPT), Cochlear Limited (COH), Woodside Petroleum Limited (WPL) and Rio Tinto Ltd. (RIO). These stocks are picked from the index on random basis in order to avoid any biasness. The following part analyzes the excess stock returns of every company on individual basis. Risk & Return Analysis As far as the risk and returns for 6 stocks as well as the market is concerned, it can be affirmed that the market return remained negative in the past two 26 months. The market provided -0.6137 return with the risk of 3.79 which is relatively low. The best return is provided by GNC which is 0.9069 with the risk measure of 7.0546. The lowest performing stock was MQG such that it provided a massive negative return of -2.7928 given the risk level of 7.3839. WPL was found to be the least risky stock with the figure of 6.7976 with the return of -0.7820. COH turned out to be the riskiest stock with the figure of 12.3989 with the negative return of -0.33 44. ... Gain Corp Ltd Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.4970 R Square 0.2470 Adjusted R Square 0.1394 Standard Error 6.5444 Observations 25 Â   Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 1.2427 1.3432 0.9251 0.3654 EMR 0.7704 0.3732 2.0640 0.0516 SMB -0.8326 0.7121 -1.1693 0.2554 HML 0.9103 0.9036 1.0074 0.3252 If the overall model fit of GNC is taken into consideration, it can be noticed that R-square is quite low i.e. 24.7% which explains that all three factors only explain 24.7% behavior of GNC. The intercept is not significant due to higher p-value which is greater than the 0.05 level of significance. However, if 3FMs are closely looked at only EMR has contributed in predicting the excess return behavior of GNC as its p-value is quite closer to 0.05. The other two factors including SMB and HML are also insignificant due to higher p-values. In other words, the excess stock return behavior of GNC is independent of the SMB and HML but there is slight dependency can be found with respect to EMR. 2. MACQ GROUP FPO Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.7809 R Square 0.6099 Adjusted R Square 0.5542 Standard Error 4.9304 Observations 25 Â   Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept -1.5311 1.0120 -1.5130 0.1452 EMR 1.4996 0.2812 5.3329 0.0000 SMB 1.2077 0.5364 2.2513 0.0352 HML 1.7840 0.6808 2.6206 0.0160 The model of MQG is very strong such that the value of R-square which is 0.6099 reflects that the excess stock returns of MQG are explained by 61% with 3FMs. The intercept is turned out to be insignificant due to higher p-value. However, all the three factors contributed in explaining the behavior of MQG such that all have p-values less than the cut off level of 0.05. The beta of MQG with respect to market is near to 1.5,

Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in The Rye Essay Example for Free

Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in The Rye Essay The Catcher in the Rye the reader can see the world through his eyes as he is the one narrating the story in first person. Holden is a young teenager, the age of sixteen who is emotionally disturbed and confused boy who is entering the journey of adulthood. Holden is a typical teenager who is rather irritated and disgusted by the society that surrounds him. To me he comes across as a witty individual because of the way he makes fun of, as he likes to call it the phony people in society he comes across with in the novel. He is from a family formed of two parents who seem to be quite wealthy, as they live in an expensive part of New York most people have to be wealthy to live in New York. Holden also was two bothers, D.B. and Allie, Allie whom is dead at the age of thirteen and he has a younger sister Phoebe. During the novel we discover that Holden is rather depressed young man because of his past, with the death of his brother and the failings of his grades in the recent schools he has attended to, he has become unhappy which leads him to have a breakdown. It seems that Holden is very dissatisfied with life and has never had any help during his time of confusion so I figure he is rather week and in some parts of the novel he feels like committing suicide. Holden has a huge sense of moral values, which often seems to interfere with other peoples loss of values. Because of other peoples values he gets frustrated and thinks people are phony. Holden seems to be a rather mean person as you read his feelings and how he feels towards people but it is only what he thinks. When Holden does something wrong he feels really guilty about his behavior and it often eats him up inside. Like the time when he went out with Sally Hayes and he calls her a pain in the ass when she refuses to run away with him, after he feels really guilty and can barely stop thinking about it. He is also a person who cant get things out of his mind when things bother him like when Ward Stradlater goes out with his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher; throughout the novel he thinks about it a lot and wonders how the date went. Holden hates the movies and loves books. Holden behavior while he is in New York going to bars and meeting women he acts like a adult by smoking and drinking, but he is very critical to others that live that kind of lifestyle. It would be rather hard to see myself as Holden or even acting like him even for a day because Im very different from him and Im not as critical towards people as he is. I think it would be difficult to be friends with him because I would always be wondering what he is thinking about me and usually when he does think of someone it is always in a negative way. But still it was easy to identify him because I have friends that are sort of like him and they act the same way.

Epithets in Othello :: Othello essays

Epithets in Othello An epithet is an adjective or adjective phrase that characterizes a person or thing. Epithets can often consist of abusive or contemptuous words such as those directed by the professionally offended Iago in Shakespeare's Othello. Iago refers to Othello with damning epithets to suggest the Moor as a lust driven animal that is violating the innocent Desdemona. For instance, he calls Othello, "an old black ram" who is "tupping" Brabantio's "white ewe"(Act I, Scene I: 90-91). He is referring to the fact that Othello is a Moor, or dark skinned man. Iago is also making the insinuation that Othello is, at this moment, copulating with Brabantio's innocent daughter, Desdemona. In addition, Iago warns Brabantio that if he does not rescue his daughter, the "devil" will make Brabantio a grandfather (Act I, Scene I: 93). Again, he is suggesting that Othello is demonic and comparable to a wild animal. He continues erupting insults shouting that a "Barbaray horse" is mounting D esdemona and that Brabantio's nephews will "neigh" and cousins will be "coursers," or strong horses (Act I, Scene I: 113-114). Yet again, Iago is suggesting that Othello is animal-like and that this quality will arise throughout Brabantio's family. It is important to note that in the play production Iago speaks such crude and obscene language while hiding behind several clustered poles below Brabantio's window. This gesture reveals Iago's attempt to remain an "honest man" in the eyes of the other characters while carrying out a plan of revenge. Although Iago's insults toward Othello appear to be racial, it does not make the entire play racist. Iago is so consumed by revenge against Othello, for passing him over for the promotion that he will say or do anything to attain his "peculiar end" (Act I, Scene I: 62).

A study of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Essay

Of the five Sherlock Holmes stories we have read, I will be writing about â€Å"The Silver Blaze†, â€Å"The Speckled Band† and â€Å"The Man With The Twisted Lip†. Sherlock Holmes, of 221 Baker Street is one of the most remarkable and remembered detectives of his time. Holmes is unlike any other fictional detective, as he seems almost too clever at times. Holmes is famous for his powers of observation and deduction. Holmes is able to change his age and gender in order to help solve a case but the image that sticks in most peoples head’s is of him in a ear-flapped traveling cap and with a pipe in his mouth Arthur Conan Doyle began writing the stories 100 years ago, he chose set them in the past times, although to him the stories were set in the present tence. I can tell the stories are set 100 years ago because of the language, clothing and transport. In each story Holmes is required to travel up and down the country in order to solve the cases. He often travels by 1st class carriage, this shows he is of the upper class and will appeal to the readers, as they too were probably upper class when the stories were first wrote. In â€Å"The Speckled Band† Holmes and Watson travel by Pony Trap, this is another type of old fashioned transport. Cars were not around at the time the stories were written, however if they were used this would spoil the story as it would ruin the setting. The old fashioned language also plays a key part in the setting, some of the words and phrases Holmes uses are no longer used in modern day society such as â€Å"Pray continue your narrative† and â€Å"alas† that are used â€Å"The Speckled Band†. In the Silver Blaze Holmes says â€Å"Helloa† not only is this old fashioned language but also is it slightly unorthodox for Holmes as his grammar is of a high standard. I think the setting appeals to the readers as there are no other old fashioned fictional detectives. In the modern day detective stories the detectives are not able to appear as clever as Holmes as they can solve their cases by taking D. N. A samples and matching them up with the suspects, leaving the hard work to science. As this sort of technology had not been invented while Holmes was alive, he had to solve the cases using only his intelligence and powers of observation. Each story is started in Holmes’s rooms, this too shows that Holmes was well off as houses in London were not cheap at the time. Another piece of evidence to show that Holmes was of the upper class is that he had his own maid that cooks and cleans, although Holmes is never seen eating. Although Holmes does not charge for his services, all of his clients are wealthy people. In â€Å"The Speckled Band†, Holmes’ client Mrs Hudson, lives in a large house in the country. The fact that all Holmes’ clients are wealthy and important shows that Holmes too is important and wealthy. If Holmes dealt with poor less important people or less challenging cases it would ruin his reputation and the story as it takes a complex case to make a good story. Of the three stories we have read, each has followed the same basic structure, the structure plays a key part in all of the stories, as it is the same throughout all of the stories it allows the reader to understand what is happening and to feel more involved as they know what will happen next. Each story starts with a brief comment from Watson, he will always try to make this case seem better than the previous one by saying things like â€Å"Of all these varied cases I cannot recall any which presented more singular features†. Here Doyle is trying to hook the reader into reading the rest of the story by making them believe that this story will be better than the last. The case will then begin with a troubled client finding Holmes, never the other way round, as Doyle does not want to make Holmes appear desperate by looking for clients. The client explains their case before leaving it for Holmes to solve. Although Holmes does not advertise his services in any way, his clients always find him, this is often because someone has recommended him. â€Å"I have heard of you from Mrs.  Farintosh, whom you helped in the hours of here sore need. † The fact that the client always finds Holmes largely adds to his reputation. There is one main difference in the opening of the stories, this is in â€Å"The Man with the Twisted lip† where start of the story is set at Watson’s house. The main difference here is that the client has not come to Holmes or Watson but to Watson’s wife, â€Å"Folk who were in grief came to my wife like birds to a light house† this also gives Watson a chance to explain the case to the audience before explaining it to Holmes. Conan Doyle has started the story like this mainly to give Watson a chance to shine and show that there are some differences in the structure of his stories. Although Watson is portrayed as being quite stupid, this is only because he is out shone by Holmes’ intelligence, Watson is in fact a doctor and although he does not solve any cases he does come to some significant conclusion. The next part of the story will involve Holmes and Watson traveling to the scene of the crime, which is a crucial part of the story. During their journey Holmes will often become â€Å"buried in the deepest thought†, here Holmes is already beginning to think of what may have happened before he has any real evidence. Although Holmes tries to distance himself from the police force his methods are exactly the same as that of the police. Each time Holmes visits the scene of the crime he is able to deduce more than anyone with him, often Watson. Holmes will then drop a red herring by offering a false conclusion, e. g.in â€Å"The Speckled Band† we are lead to believe that the gypsies are responsible for the murder as Holmes thinks this, at the end of the story we learn that the gypsies had nothing to do with the murder and that they were the red herring. The red herring is often the same conclusion that the readers and Watson had come too. In each story red herring is designed to throw the audience off the right trail. It offers a too-easy conclusion to the case, tempting us to take the bait and making fools of us if we do, although after reading a few stories we know that Holmes first conclusion will be a red herring therefore prompting us to discard it.

Toulmin Argument

Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Cover Sheet a) Who is your audience? My audience applies to everyone in the US. My audience is very broad because my topic touches base on an issue that can or could potentially affect anyone directly or indirectly as well. b) How would you like your readers to describe the personality you present on the page? My personality is confident. I believe in my argument and feel strongly about it. c) What question does your paper answer? It answers the question as to whether or not there is an issue with police brutality. ) What’s your thesis/claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Toulmin Questionnaire Claim Questions: What’s my claim? Something needs to be done immediately to end the vio lence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated.Is it valid? What makes it valid? -Yes. It’s valid because I have lots of evidence and quotes from sources to back me up as well as strong warrants and backing to help support me as well. I truly believe in my claim and will defend it fully. Is it practical? Can it actually be acted out? Yes, and yes. It touches base on a topic that is growing and becoming a big problem in society. Using â€Å"sociological terms† it is becoming a macro problem. It’s no longer a micro one. Are there qualifications I must make to my claim?I’m not necessarily sure this question pertains well to my topic specifically, but I don’t feel there are any qualifications I must obtain to be able to state and back up my claim other than the fact that you must have some good evidence and knowledge on the topic. What will be some possible challenges to my claim? Some may oppose by saying the media is making police brutality into a bigger issue than it really is, or that the violence police use is justified as â€Å"self-defense†. Who could benefit most from accepting my claim? Who may be harmed or benefit the least?All citizens can benefit. The people that may not agree or like my claim is the police departments who hired police officers who have been offenders of police brutality. Grounds questions: What are my grounds? – According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. – â€Å"In 1982, the federal government funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. Do I have sufficient evidence to support my claim? Yes.I used pieces of quotes from the StarTribune as well as statistics from a trusted website. Do I have pieces of ev idence that are compelling? Least compelling? Some of my quotes are more coercive than others. The statistics I used are stronger than the quotes I used from the StarTribune because the quotes seem more like an opinion rather than a solid fact. Warrant questions: What are my Warrants? – â€Å"To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to nflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. † – â€Å"Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. † What other warrants may underlie the ones I have identified? There were a few different warrants I could have made for my grounds. For example, the first I could have said that in order to believe that police are role models you must belie ve that in most situations cops do or have benefited the community in some way shape or form.Am I prepared to stand behind my warrant, regardless of the opposing views? Yes. I truly believe in where I stand on this issue and I believe I have a strong argument. Backing Questions: What is my backing? – Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. – It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. Does my backing apply in all cases? Why or why not? Yes. My backing is aimed to back-up my warrants to the best of my ability. Abby Boyce English 1201Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Formal Outline I. â€Å"In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. † a. Refer to StarTribune article and discuss background/situation that happened b. Claim: Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. II.Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it. a. Grounds: Give statistics from St. Paul homicide ratings b. Grounds: Define police brutality c. Grounds: Use quote from the StarTribune III. Warrant: To believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense. a.Backing: Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them. IV. Claim: We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. a. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line. b. Grounds: Quote CliffNotes. com V.Warrant: Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. a. Backing: It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized. b. Grounds: Use example that relates to my experience c. Grounds: Use CliffNotes quote VI. Qualifier: With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer trainin g schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. a. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. b. Officers can and should always remain on high alert though. VII. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and should end immediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby BoyceEnglish 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012 Police Brutality Awareness In the middle of broad daylight, August 28th, 2012, laid a man helpless and defenseless after being kicked, beat, and sprayed repeatedly with a chemical irritant. We later come to find out that man is named Eric Hightower, and according to the article â€Å"Police Brutality in the Age of YouTube† in the StarTribune, he has had previous run-ins with the law, but on August 28th his offense that caused the policeman (St. Paul officer Jesse Zilge) to violently kick and beat this man, while he lie on a St. Paul sidewalk, is unknown.Shortly after the incident a video was posted on YouTube, which provided solid evidence that this cop was completely out of line. But it’s not the first time there have been issues with the morality and brutality of our local and nationwide officers. Something needs to be done immediately to end the violence and inappropriate discipline being inflicted on our citizens. The harsh discipline we are discovering is being used more and more often should not be tolerated. Cops, especially street cops, are supposed to be the role-models of the community and are hired to benefit the community, not harm it.According to the St. Paul yearly analysis, in 2010 crime rates for homicides alone have shot up 9% since 2001. Many of those crimes may have been easily prevented if cops had been doing the ir job correctly and using appropriate punishment only when needed. Many citizens have become scared to call 911 and involve the police because they don’t trust the actions they will take. In reality, the police should be making you feel at ease and knowing you can call them for help should be something people should feel comfortable doing.Police brutality is defined as the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. It takes many forms, including physical abuse, verbal attacks, and psychological intimidation. In the most recent years, we are seeing more and more cops being put on trial for their violent conduct. The story of Eric Hightower is just one of the many recently reported and investigated stories of victimized citizens being put in physical harm by cops. It’s beginning to make many of us wonder how many times there have been incidents like this in the past that have never been reported.It was brought to my attention more closely than ever when it was as stated in the StartTribune, â€Å"If an officer can kick someone in front of witnesses and a camera, how often do those types of attacks happen at night when cameras aren’t rolling? † Of course, to believe there is an issue with the criminal justice system, you must recognize the problem as well as believe that cops are not trained to inflict physical abuse on citizens, they are trained to help the community and to only get physical when demonstrating self-defense.Even when using self-defense should it ever be okay to kick someone, along with â€Å"slam someone's head onto the car hood† (according to the StarTribune in the Hightower story)? The answer is no. If cops are supposed to be preventing physical abuse and fighting why on earth would it ever be okay for them to use it. Cops must complete a two year degree before they can be a certified officer. The reason for this is so that they can learn the ethics that must be used while on duty as well as many other classes that teach the duties that must be performed and how to go about them.Knowing that, I have a very hard time believing there is any circumstance an officer could say that they were unaware their behavior was out of line. We are discovering that most brutality is directed against minority groups or otherwise powerless populations. Officers who engage in brutality rationalize their use of inappropriate force by claiming they are punishing those groups that threaten to disrupt the social order. The importance of understanding racism in the context of police brutality needs to be brought to attention and is extremely out of line.Many police automatically regard racial minority group members as potentially dangerous regardless of their particular activities, gestures, or attire. This perception of racial minority citizens as â€Å"trouble† sometimes translates into racially discriminatory police behavior. According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"In 1982, the federal gove rnment funded a â€Å"Police Services Study† in which over 12,000 randomly selected citizens were interviewed in three metropolitan areas. The study found that 13 percent of those surveyed had been victims of police brutality the previous year.Yet only 30 percent of those who acknowledged such brutality filed formal complaints. † I would be willing to bet that over 50% of those citizens, who endured the police brutality, are minorities or racially different from the cop that inflicted the abuse upon them. Of course believing that cops can be racially discriminating, means that you must believe racism is still a common problem in today’s society. Which in fact, it most definitely is. It’s still a big problem because people are not bringing enough attention to it for it to be recognized.For example, before reading the article in the StarTribune and prior to taking a Criminal Justice class that focused on the racially discriminating cops, I had no idea this w as even an issue. It needs to be brought in the public eye so that people can start voluntarily coming forward and so the problem can be solved nationwide. I believe we this is a realistic request and hope for our future, because recently Departments in some cities, for example, have adopted special training programs to reduce incidents of police brutality.Other departments have formulated rules that limit the use of force by the police. Preventive control also requires supervising officers (for example, conducting surveillance of officers' work) and disciplining those who violate departmental standards. A few amount of cities aroung the US are developing early warning systems to identify officers with high rates of citizen complaints. These incidents should be investigated, and if verified, the officers involved should be charged, disciplined, restrained, and/or counseled.According to CliffNotes. com, â€Å"Pittsburgh, for example, launched a $1. 5 million computer system. It moni tors every aspect of an officer's professional life—from the number of citizen complaints filed against the officer to the race of every person the officer arrests. † With all that said, there is only one exception to my argument which is, if a citizen threatens to use a lethal weapon on an officer or if a citizen gets physically violent against an officer, then physically restraining that person is reasonable and just.In officer training schools they are taught to use self-defense when necessary. Many officers though, are abusing that privilege. Once put into physical restraints or if the citizen has calmed down or promised to cooperate, the self-defense should end immediately. This does not mean that the officer should not be on high alert, but physically, he or she should not be getting physical with the citizen. If we want our officers to be treated with respect, and our 911 systems to be effective to end crime, then police brutality should not be tolerated and shou ld end mmediately in order to keep citizens safe and ensured that our criminal justice system is working to benefit the community in a positive way. Abby Boyce English 1201 Professor McGehee 10/22/2012Citations CliffsNotes. com. Police Brutality. 21 Oct 2012 ;lt;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9975. html;gt;. Editorial Board, . â€Å"Police brutality in the age of YouTube. † StartTribune. 09 2012: 1. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. ;lt;http://www. startribune. com/opinion/editorials/168689626. html? refer=y;gt;.

Maths Personal Statement Tips Essays

Maths Personal Statement Tips Essays Maths Personal Statement Tips Essay Maths Personal Statement Tips Essay Personal statement is a very necessary element that every student has to deal with while taking admission in a college or university. Writing a university personal statement is quite a demanding and difficult task, especially when it comes to math’s personal statement. Creating a statement of purpose, which is another name of personal statement, is considered an arduous task because it requires self-analysis which can be difficult sometimes. Moreover, discussing your personal accomplishments in a great length if not executed properly may seem bragging to the reader. Therefore, it is essential that the applicant must learn how to create a well-written personal statement which can effectively convince the admission team that the applicant is the perfect fit for the university or the mathematics community. Remember that the admission team wants to see the motivation of the applicant, his determination level and skills. Since the personal statement is more like a persuasive essay which the writer uses to convince the readers so it is important that you start it with a catchy introduction. Although creating a catchy introduction is the basic element of writing any manuscript but there is another reason why we are putting more emphasis on this basic tip. Given that the members of the admission team spend hours on reading hundreds of statements during the admission season. They usually get bored while reading everyday statements so the only element that can catch their attention and compel them to consider reading your entire personal statement is a catchy introduction. However, do not state a lengthy story about your past and how it influenced you to study the field of mathematics. Just write it in a short and precise manner. For example, you can state that your motivation for pursuing a career in mathematics field comes from your parent or you are very good with numbers since childhood. Knowing the audience is another basic tip of writing a convincing math’s personal statement. Majority of applicants often end up making the mistake of elaborating their projects or assignments in hard technical language. Remember that such personal statements which are plagued by technical language or terminologies can estrange some readers who are not familiar with the field. By using technical terminologies you make it hard for yourself to effectively communicate with the reader. Moreover, the members of the committee have to go through numerous statements so they don’t have waste their time in deciphering hard statements but they just put it aside and proceed to the next one. Applicants often acquire their admission applications late due to that they rush through the statement and try to turn in their essays first. However, to produce an impressive math’s personal statement, it is suggested that the applicant must write at least three to four rough drafts. It is also suggested to have any person review the statement give their feedback. Also revise the statement a couple of times to identify and correct errors in it. Follow the above given tips and write a compelling math’s personal statement that can land at your desire university.

24 formas de sacar permiso de residencia green card

24 formas de sacar permiso de residencia green card Son muchas las formas para emigrar legalmente  a Estados Unidos y obtener el permiso de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como la green card o tarjeta verde. Esta tarjeta de residencia autoriza a  vivir y trabajar en Estados Unidos sin là ­mite de tiempo e, incluso, da la opcià ³n de solicitar  convertirse en ciudadano americano por medio de la naturalizacià ³n. Los caminos para obtener la preciada green card  son muy variados. A continuacià ³n se describen las opciones de las que se dispone, pero hay que tener en cuenta que los trmites, los requisitos,  y los tiempos de demora de todo el proceso son muy diferentes. Se finaliza este artà ­culo con una explicacià ³n de dà ³nde pueden surgir los problemas que retrasan o hacen imposible sacar la green card. 1- Green card por matrimonio con ciudadano americano   El  matrimonio con un ciudadano americano es una de las formas ms comunes y rpidas de obtener la residencia permanente. Sin embargo, sà ³lo casarse no significa que se obtenga la residencia de forma automtica sino que el cà ³nyuge ciudadano debe solicitarla. Adems, la presentacià ³n de la peticià ³n  tampoco significa que siempre se pueda sacar. La residencia permanente por matrimonio es tanto en los casos de matrimonios heterosexuales como los formados por dos personas del mismo sexo. Aclarar que no se puede obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana por casarse con ciudadano, lo que se saca es la residencia y, al cabo de tres aà ±os de tiempo casado con un ciudadano, entonces el residente puede solicitar la naturalizacià ³n y, asà ­, hacerse ciudadano. Finalmente seà ±alar que los ciudadanos tienen a su alcance la opcià ³n de solicitar una  visa K-1 para traer a sus novios o prometidas  y, una vez en Estados Unidos, casarse y aplicar por un  ajuste de estatus  como paso para obtener la residencia.   2- Green card solicitada por ciudadano para hijos solterosmenores de 21 aà ±os Estos casos aplican a hijos biolà ³gicos o adoptados y tambià ©n a  hijastro de ciudadano americano, si bien, en este à ºltimo, caso aplican reglas especiales. Estas peticiones son rpidas, tomando generalmente menos de 1 aà ±o. 3-Green card para viudos de ciudadanos Los viudos de ciudadanos americanos pueden solicitar, en determinados casos, la green card para sà ­ mismos.   4- Green card para hijastrosde ciudadanos fallecidos Para beneficiarse los hijastros de ciudadanos fallecidos deben cumplir con varios requisitos, entre ellos, ser solteros y de 21 aà ±os.   5- Green card para padre o madre de ciudadano Los hijos de ciudadanos deben de tener 21 aà ±os cumplidos para poder solicitar la green card para cualquiera de sus padres.  El simplemente  ser padre o madre de un nià ±o ciudadano  no da derechos migratorios. 6- Green card para hijo de ciudadano que est soltero y es mayor de 21 Es lo que se conoce como un F1. Las demoras en estas tramitaciones est entre los 6 y los 20 aà ±os, dependiendo del caso,  y se pueden verificar en el boletà ­n de visas. 7-Green card para hijo casado de ciudadano, sin importar su edad Esta peticià ³n, tambià ©n llamada categorà ­a F3,  se demora por aà ±os, incluso dà ©cadas, siendo mayor la espera para el caso de los mexicanos que para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a.   8-Green card para hermanos de ciudadanos Esta tarjeta de residencia que se conoce como categorà ­a F4  se encuentra entre las que tienen una demora mayor. Sà ³lo los ciudadanos mayores de 21 aà ±os pueden pedir a sus hermanos. 9- Green card para cà ³nyuge de residente permanente Estas peticiones, que se conocen como categorà ­a F2A, son muy parecidas a las que pueden presentar los ciudadanos, sin embargo, su tramitacià ³n se diferencia en puntos importantes. Por ejemplo, se demoran ms las solicitudes de residentes. Otra diferencia importante es que los cà ³nyuges de residentes que estn como indocumentados en Estados Unidos en ningà ºn caso pueden ajustar su estatus, sin embargo, en el caso de los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos, à ©stos pueden hacerlo siempre y cuando hubieran ingresado legalmente a EE.UU. En la prctica esta diferencia tiene importantes consecuencias legales ya que los indocumentados que no pueden ajustar su estatus y deben salir del paà ­s para ir a la entrevista consular se encuentran con que les aplica el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal. 10- Green card para hijos solteros de residentes permanentes Estos son los tiempos de demora para este tipo de peticiones.  En este caso caben dos situaciones: para menores de 21 aà ±os, que se conoce como categorà ­a F2A, y para mayores de dicha edad, que son los F2B. En ningà ºn caso los residentes pueden pedir a sus hijos casados. 11- Green card por suerte por medio de la loterà ­a Al ganar una de las 50,000 visas de inmigrante que se sortean cada aà ±o fiscal en la  loterà ­a de la diversidad. Participar en este sorteo es gratuito y se abre la inscripcià ³n en el mes de octubre, permaneciendo abierta por un mes y producià ©ndose el sorteo al aà ±o siguiente en primavera. 12- Green card por inversià ³n que cree puestos de trabajo Invirtiendo un mà ­nimo de medio millà ³n de dà ³lares, mediante la visa EB-5. Se admite una inversià ³n directa creando una empresa o una indirecta, siendo posible  diversas modalidades. A diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros paà ­ses, en Estados Unidos la inversià ³n en una casa u otro bien raà ­z por sà ­ misma no es causa para obtener la tarjeta de residencia. Ya que es necesario que se trate de inversià ³n en un negocio. 13- Green card por autopatrocinio Peticià ³n para uno mismo sin necesidad de patrocinador de la tarjeta de residencia mediante una visa EB-1 en el caso de profesionales con una habilidad extraordinaria en Arte, Ciencias, Deporte, Educacià ³n o Negocios. Ejemplo: ganadores de premios Oscar, olimpiadas, premios Pulitzer o semejantes. Realmente el standard para cumplir con estos requisitos es muy alto. 14- Green card por trabajo en las categorà ­as EB 1, EB2 y EB3 En estos casos es necesario que una empresa o institucià ³n de los Estados Unidos patrocine ante las autoridades de inmigracià ³n al empleado extranjero. Mediante la visa EB-1 para profesores e investigadores de extraordinaria capacidad y gerentes o ejecutivos de multinacionales.Por la EB-2 para licenciados con al menos cinco aà ±os de experiencia laboral o con una habilidad excepcional en Arte, Negocios o Ciencias.Mediante la EB-3 para licenciados, trabajadores con formacià ³n profesional que requiere al menos dos aà ±os de estudios prcticos o de experiencia laboral y tambià ©n para trabajadores sin ningà ºn tipo de formacià ³n profesional pero que desarrollan una labor que no es temporal y para la que no hay trabajadores disponibles en Estados Unidos.   15- Green cardpor categorà ­a de inmigrantes especiales Mediante este camino instituciones y empresas estadounidenses pueden patrocinar mediante una EB-4 a las siguientes categorà ­as de trabajadores: Sacerdotes, monjas, ministros religiosos que lleven al menos dos aà ±os como tales.Periodistas, reporteros, escritores, traductores, productores y trabajadores semejantes que trabajen para el BBG (Radio Free Asia, Radio Liberty, etc).Mà ©dicos.Miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos.Trabajadores de organizaciones internacionales.Traductores afganos e iraquà ­es.Iraquà ­es que han ayudado de alguna manera a los Estados Unidos.Empleados de la Zona del Canal de Panam.Trabajadores jubilados de la OTAN o, si han fallecido, sus viudos e hijos. 16- Green card para cubanos Obviamente, los cubanos pueden obtener la green card de todas las formas admitidas para otros nacionales, pero adems y por aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, pueden solicitar la green card  despuà ©s de un aà ±o en Estados Unidos. Desde que se puso fin a la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados es siendo imprescindible que el ingreso se hubiera realizado  de forma legal. En otras palabras, porque en el control migratorio se le permitià ³ el ingreso como admitido o recibià ³ un parole. 17- Green card para asilados Las personas que han ganado un caso de asilo pueden solicitar una tarjeta de residencia para sà ­ mismo y tambià ©n para su familia inmediata. 18-Green card para refugiados Las figuras de refugiado y de asilado son muy parecidas, pero hay importantes diferencias entre ellas. Los refugiados que solicitan la tarjeta de residencia para sà ­ mismos tambià ©n pueden solicitarla para familiares inmediatos. 19- Green card para và ­ctimas de violencia Se pueden beneficiar de esta opcià ³n las personas extranjeras và ­ctimas de violencia a las que previamente se les ha aprobado una visa U. En este punto hay que entender muy bien los requisitos de dicha visa, ya que da lugar a muchas confusiones.   El ser và ­ctima de violencia no da derecho, por ese mero hecho, a obtener la visa U. 20- Green card para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica El programa VAWA abre el camino para la green card para los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos o de residentes permanentes que han sufrido violencia domà ©stica. 21-Green card para và ­ctimas de trata de personas Para poder solicitar la tarjeta de residencia es necesario tener previamente aprobada la visa T. 22- Green card porradicar en Estados Unidos por mucho tiempo Por vivir de forma continuada en EEUU desde el uno de enero de 1972 o antes y poder demostrarlo. Es lo que se denomina residencia por el registry. En contra de lo que muchos migrantes creen, por vivir 10 aà ±os en Estados Unidos no se obtiene la green card. En algunos casos de migrantes con procedimientos de deportacià ³n abiertos, serà ­a posible obtener una cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n. 23-Green card por ser inmigrantes juveniles especiales: SIJ Los menores de 21 aà ±os que estn solteros a los que el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha colocado bajo la custodia de un guardin o de una institucià ³n pà ºblica o privada porque han sido abusados o abandonados por uno de sus padres o los dos. A este grupo de muchachos se les conoce como Inmigrantes Juveniles Especiales o SIJ, por sus siglas en inglà ©s. 24- Green card por orden judicial de un juez en Corte migratoria En un caso de deportacià ³n, un juez de inmigracià ³n puede sentenciar que el extranjero se puede quedar, ajustar su estatus y, asà ­, conseguir una tarjeta de residencia. Tiempos de demora en la tramitacià ³n de la green card Cada categorà ­a tiene sus propios tiempos. En la actualidad ms de un millà ³n de personas obtienen la green card cada aà ±o fiscal. Algunos han esperado solamente unos meses, mientras que otros han tenido que esperarse incluso ms de 25 aà ±os para que hubiera una visa de inmigrante disponible para ellos. Esto se debe a que en muchas categorà ­as existen là ­mites anuales al nà ºmero de peticiones que pueden ser aprobadas y el nà ºmero de solicitudes es superior al de visas disponibles, En estos casos se produce al demora que, cada aà ±o, aumenta ms. Cundo es posible no pagar por aplicacià ³n para la residencia En casos de residencia por circunstancias especiales (inmigrantes juveniles con este estatus reconocido, registry, visa T, visa U, etc) serà ­a posible calificar para estar exento de pagar la tarifa de este trmite migratorio para obtener la residencia. Causas por las que la tramitacià ³n no acaba bien A pesar de cumplir los requisitos para calificar para un camino para la obtencià ³n de la green card el proceso puede no completarse por diversas causas. Por ejemplo, en el caso de peticiones de familia porque no se tengan recursos suficientes para patrocinar. Pero los problemas suelen surgir porque la persona que aspira a la green card es considerada inadmisible para los Estados Unidos. Las causas pueden ser muy distintas, desde rà ©cord de delitos a estancia ilegal en el paà ­s. Dependiendo de las razones y de las circunstancias del caso, puede que sea posible solicitar un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Pero en otros casos ser imposible. Lo mejor es asesorarse con un buen abogado. Por su frecuencia, es muy importante saber cà ³mo puede afectar la presencia ilegal en Estados Unidos, actual o en el pasado y tambià ©n los fraudes migratorios. De interà ©s para potenciales migrantes Estados Unidos es un paà ­s diferente. En muchos casos, hay leyes, costumbres, impuestos, derechos, deberes, etc se desconocen.  Y como consecuencia de esa ignorancia, en ocasiones se acaban teniendo  problemas  muy serios aun cuando no se tenà ­a la intencià ³n. Por ello, no hay nada mejor que conocer las cosas bsicas que se deben conocer y las que se deben evitar.  Si es posible  se recomienda  informarse antes de emigrar.   Es tambià ©n importante saber que vez que una persona se convierte en residente tiene que esperar un tiempo antes de aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. La espera depende de varios factores . Adems, es necesario tomar un examen de inglà ©s y de conocimientos cà ­vicos y de historia. Numerosas organizaciones en todo el paà ­s brindan clases gratuitas para preparar el examen para la ciudadanà ­a. Finalmente, si se est abierto a emigrar a un paà ­s que no sea Estados Unidos, estos son 20 paà ­ses en los que es posible comprar la ciudadanà ­a o/y la residencia. Las cantidades y las condiciones varà ­an entre los distintos programas. Test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la residencia permanente Se recomienda tomar este quiz o test de respuestas mà ºltiples, con sus respuestas correctas, para garantizar el conocimiento esencial sobre la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Role of the vocational case manager within rehabilitation Essay

Role of the vocational case manager within rehabilitation - Essay Example This study will seek to evaluate the role of the vocational case manager in the rehabilitation process. In order to understand how this process takes places we need to first look into what is vocational case management. When a person succumbs to serious injuries or is severe illness, vocational case management services provides them with a number of benefits. These include identification of problems associated with return-to-work. An effective plan is devised by the vocational case management agency to solve the problems related to returning to work. Vocational case management enables a person to receive claims in dollars, for any reductions they face in their vocational pay and also helps them to claim medical insurance. Thus, through vocational case management, a person can get rehabilitation in their work place. (Occupational Health Solutions) What is the process of rehabilitation Rehabilitation is the process of safely returning a person affected by an injury or serious illness to work as soon as possible. The rehabilitation process may include providing an affected person with physiotherapy, chiropractic treatment, occupational therapy, psychological counseling and enrolling them into multidisciplinary programs. Rehabilitation is a process which helps the affected person by enabling them to recover from their condition and encourages them to return to work. It also includes taking steps to reduce further complications by remove disruptions in the person's social and working life and also reducing impairment from injury at the work place. (WorkCover, Queensland) Vocational case management services There are many agencies which specialize in providing vocational case management services. The reason why this has come about is that in today's technologically advanced working condition, people succumb to heavy injuries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the United States it has been found that in every year about 6,000 Americans die after succumbing to workplace injuries, and it is estimated that about 6 million people suffer non-fatal workplace injuries. (Occupational Health Solutions, LLC) Such services involve a complete evaluation of the rehabilitation potential of the client and proving them with necessary counseling to help them cope with their disability-related concerns. They provide the client with access to the labor market and in the identification of job placement opportunities. This process includes identification of problems associated with return-to-work. An effective plan is devised for their solution. Vocational case management enables a person to receive claims in dollars, for any reductions they face in their vocational pay and also helps them to claim medical insurance. Among the various vocational services provided to client by vocational case management agencies are job analysis, resume preparation, transferable skill analysis and job placement. Vocational case

How Can Payless Company Increase Profits While Ensuring Current Essay - 26

How Can Payless Company Increase Profits While Ensuring Current Customers are Satisfied - Essay Example The company took a turn in establishing the new image of the luxury in meeting low-end prices. Although the company wants to continue maintaining its image of the low prices, the change mainly within Payless is to create the fashion goods by coming into collision with the designers to hit the marketing niche that was missing for all those years. Although the company is doing excellently on the domestic market, being aggressive on the international market will lead to increased sales and hence income. The company should actively market its products in continents like Asia that has large market base. However, the company should also embrace the domestic market as this can also lead to increased profits and positive publicity to the external markets. The reliance on third parties like New York-based designers like Stacey Bendet, Lela Rose, and Christian Siriano is risky for the company. The company should, therefore, move quickly to rely more on itself for survival. For instance, if the supplier lacks the required law materials necessary, it could harm the company negatively. I, therefore, recommend the company to act quickly into rectifying this weakness. The company should consider changing its name from â€Å"Payless† so that it accommodates other customers with disposable income. Consumers with a large amount of disposable income will not shop there regardless of the fashionable goods found there. Additionally, I don’t believe that it’s any cheaper than the other trendy shops such as Just Call it Spring( subsidiary company of Aldo group). Increased advertisement through social Medias such as Facebook, Twitter, and others in order to keep their customers updated with the latest trends and collections. Social media is a valuable channel for ensuring that the company is maintaining a close relationship with its customers.  

Answering questions one by one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answering questions one by one - Essay Example There are some theories which claim that there is more gender apart from the female and male version (Halvor, M 1997). Patriarchy is a universally accepted Trans cultural and Trans historical phenomena according to which women are oppressed everywhere by the men in a similar manner. Gender is an important part of the social construction along with gender being a process for stratification system and also a structure. There are day to day processes which are in forced by gender. One gender is different from another one on the basis of process, rituals of the daily life and also the conversations. Stratification is in which men as a group holds greater amount of power and status than women as a group. Women are treated as being some other species as compared to the men. Gender is responsible for dividing the work in the economic production as well as the home production (Litosseliti,L, and Sunderland J,2002). It legitimates the one which are in authority and they will organize the emot ional life as well as the sexuality. The products created, tasks assigned, expectations from the job, value for money is different for both the genders in the society. Gender is something which basically displays women and men both of them to create along with control the workplace (Elizabeth G, 1992). Discourses refer to spoken communication along with the written communication. The denotations it holds include the discourse analysis along with the semantics which is a generalized concept of the conversations which exist in the contexts and also the modalities. There is a totality of the vocabulary which is used and is existent in the field of social practices long with the intellectual enquiry (Epictetus F, Dobbin,J,1998). An example of these can be taken from the religious discourse, medical discourse and also the legal discourse. There is a lot of work which is carried out on discourse and some of the work was carried out by Michel Foucault along with other social theoreticians according to which discourse is an entity of signs along with sequences having enouncements (Symeon, 1980). It is the communication of thought by words, conversations along with various talks which come under intelligent and earnest discourse. It is a formal discussion of a subject which appears in writing along with the speech. It is an integral part of the treatise, sermon and also the dissertation. Discourses are an important part of the linguistics which are an important part of the unit of writing and also speech which is connected (Machiavelli, N 1970) .Enouncement is an integral part of the discourses and it is linked with unit of semiotic signs along with the abstract construction which allows the signs to communicate and assign specific along with the repeatable relations between the objects, statements and also the subjects. This thus concludes that discourse is composed of semiotic sequences which have a relation among the signs which exist between and among statements, s ubjects and also the objects. White people are responsible for creating a dominant image of the world and they totally ignore an important factor that this thing is playing an integral role in

A Study Of Interest Group Lobbying Politics Essay

A Study Of Interest Group Lobbying Politics Essay The introduction of organized interests is nothing new in American politics. Political scientists, politicians, and scholars alike all agree that interest groups are natural phenomena in a democratic regime. Political interests have played a central role in American politics since James Madison first warned the framers of factionalism. Since then, the last five decades have seen an alarming rise of interest groups, changing fundamentally accounting the ongoing transformation of American politics and the pressures of campaign reform. Modern parties as well as established interest groups have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability. The 20th century saw an increase in penetration of political and economic interests in the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, leading to the growth of political activity that have opened doors while closing others. With these changes, interest groups have adjusted their strategy and tactics to adapt to the opportunities and constraints among the decision-making arenas. In line with these changes in American politics, it has revolutionized the representation and success of social movements. With the continuing need for more representation, politicians have come to recognize the impact groups can have when they mobilize support. Though they have impacted American politics in various ways, it is important to understand the methods they have used accounting the changing political environment. These strategies however, are not limited to one particular decision-making arena, but are the most commonly used. Interest groups are involved in American Politics in various ways. This especially is true within the judicial processes. When it comes to strategies used by interest groups, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee has become the most formal strategy pursued by interest group representatives. This process provides opportunity for interest groups to express their opinions directly to the people who have the power to accept or reject a nominee. While the former has been the most popular tactic for groups, it requires a high level of national prestige to acquire an invitation to this committee. In the case of Roberts and Alito nominations, the absence of interest group participation did not reflect their unwillingness to testify. Instead, their influence was mitigated by the committees refusal to allow interest group participation. While the former method has been one of the most effective ways to be represented, it requires prestigious interest groups which often require abund ant human and financial capital. Position taking on the other hand, is a low-cost alternative tactic used to support a judicial nominee. These actions serve to mobilize members and help generate contributions. Advertisements, on the other hand, have been the most common tool used in all decision-making arenas. As a result, interest groups have used television, radio, and billboards to support or oppose a judicial nominees. The growth in communication technologies has increased the number of strategic opportunities for interest groups. In fact, during the Bush administration, nearly all ads for or against Bush nominees were aired on cable new programs, which appealed to audiences who are more likely to be engaged in political affairs. Interests groups are also likely to also participate in mass mailings containing nominee information to fundraising support. More recently however, with the ongoing changes and development of technology, interest groups have begun using technology as a tool in electoral campaigns. Technological advancements have complemented traditional strategies. Websites, e-mails, and blogs, have become a cheap and effective approach over the last decade. When it comes to Interest group influence in elections such as the presidency, parties and candidates must have enough money to communicate and mobilize properly. Candidates seeking funds have found organized interests willing to contribute to those who share their political view. Interest groups involved in campaign contribution have seen the most constraints. Fortunately, federal campaign finance laws have been largely ineffective in limiting the role of special-interest money. Following the federal regulations after 1971, the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) has administered and enforced numerous federal campaign laws. By setting hard money contribution limits, it subsequently led to the rise of political action committees. Since hard money was defined as money contributed directly to a candidate of a political party (Loomis, 285), it was opportunity for interest groups to donate unregulated (soft) money to the political party as a whole. Subsequently, the Bipartisan Campaign Re form Act in 2002, prohibited unregulated contributions to national party committees. With the ongoing constraints by the FEC, PACs have become vey creative in allocating their resources. One strategy they have used is bundling, when PACs collect checks made out to a particular candidate and then send each candidate the checks all at once (Loomis, 191). Morgan Stanley, for example, bundled nearly $600,000 to the reelection campaign for Bush. In addition, PACs have also funneled money by giving contributions to other PACs or organizations that support their interests. 527 groups which refer to the groups that are not regulated by the FEC found various methods for advocating issues. As a right to free speech, groups were allowed to spent unlimited amount of independent money. They are able to do this by avoiding the use of specific words that include: vote for, elect, support, oppose. As special interest seek to influence government policy and members of Congress, two main strategies are commonly used; electoral and access. Most elected officials want to be reelected therefore they listen to people who can help or hinder that reelection. Interest groups take advantage of this situation by rallying voters to their cause and contributing money to reelection campaigns. Most interest groups cannot legally encourage their members to vote for or against a particular candidate, but they can achieve the same effect by informing their members of candidates stances on issues. For example, for years the Christian Coalition have issued voter pamphlets which describe the candidates positions on issues that are particularly important to group members, such as abortion. Other groups play the ratings game by publishing the positions of all members of Congress on key issues with the hope of swaying voters. Unfortunately, Electoral strategies are highly ambitious and risky which ca n often backfire in future elections. Access strategies however, are known as risk-averse strategies. These are techniques in which interest groups work to get access to directly influence an official. Unfortunately, given how busy members of Congress and other government officials often are, getting access pose major challenges. Sometimes a lobbyist can only get a few minutes of the officials time, so the lobbyist must be prepared to make a pitch very quickly. Some types of people have an easier time getting access than others. Some lobbying organizations use these types of people to help gain access. Actor Michael J. Fox, for example, has lobbied for increased funding for Parkinsons disease research. Both Angelina Jolie and Bono have also successfully lobbied Congress for their causes. When looking at social movements in the 21st century, one of the most successful has been the contemporary environmental movement. While interest groups have had more success in American decision-making institutions in the past, social movements have utilized similar tools to get their voices heard. Through coalitions with interest groups, private funding, technological advancements, the environmental movement has become a formidable force in American politics.